Trigger Point Map Tool - Anterior View

Muscle

Tibialis Anterior:

• Located in the lower leg.

• Plays a crucial role in foot and ankle movement, stability during walking and running, dorsiflexion, inversion, support of the arch.

• Trigger points are typically found along the muscle's length, particularly near the shinbone (tibia) and just below the knee.

Referred Pain:

Shin and ankle pain, foot pain, instability and weakness.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper footwear, gait abnormalities, sudden increase in activity, flat feet or high arches, ankle sprains.

Possible Symptoms:

Local Pain: Sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front of the shin.

Referred Pain: Pain extending to the ankle, top of the foot, and toes.

Foot Drop: In severe cases, trigger points in the tibialis anterior may lead to difficulty lifting the foot, causing it to "slap" the ground when walking (mild foot drop).

Stiffness and Tightness: Particularly in the ankle and foot, making it difficult to dorsiflex or extend the toes.

Tingling or Numbness: Referred pain may sometimes present as tingling or a pins-and-needles sensation in the foot.

Muscle

Tibialis Anterior:

• Located in the lower leg.

• Plays a crucial role in foot and ankle movement, stability during walking and running, dorsiflexion, inversion, support of the arch.

• Trigger points are typically found along the muscle's length, particularly near the shinbone (tibia) and just below the knee.

Referred Pain:

Shin and ankle pain, foot pain, instability and weakness.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper footwear, gait abnormalities, sudden increase in activity, flat feet or high arches, ankle sprains.

Possible Symptoms:

Local Pain: Sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front of the shin.

Referred Pain: Pain extending to the ankle, top of the foot, and toes.

Foot Drop: In severe cases, trigger points in the tibialis anterior may lead to difficulty lifting the foot, causing it to "slap" the ground when walking (mild foot drop).

Stiffness and Tightness: Particularly in the ankle and foot, making it difficult to dorsiflex or extend the toes.

Tingling or Numbness: Referred pain may sometimes present as tingling or a pins-and-needles sensation in the foot.

Muscle

Peroneus (Fibularis):

Located on the lateral side of the lower leg.

• Peroneus Longus: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, arch support.

• Peroneus Brevis: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, ankle stability.

• Peroneus Tertius: Foot eversion, dorsiflexion.

Trigger points are typically found:

• Peroneus Longus: Upper third of the muscle and along the lateral side of the lower leg.

• Peroneus Brevis: Middle or lower portion of the muscle, near the ankle bone.

• Peroneus Tertius: Lower portion of the muscle, near the front of the ankle.

Referred Pain:

Lateral ankle and foot pain, shin and calf pain, instability and weakness.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, ankle sprains, poor footwear, gait abnormalities, prolonged standing or walking, inadequate warm-up.

Possible Symptoms:

Lateral Ankle Pain: A sharp, aching, or burning pain along the outer side of the ankle and foot, often exacerbated by walking or standing.

Foot Pain: Pain radiating along the outer edge of the foot, sometimes extending into the toes.

Shin and Calf Discomfort: Referred pain that extends up the lower leg.

Ankle Instability: A sensation of weakness or instability in the ankle, particularly during lateral movements or when walking on uneven surfaces.

Tenderness: The lower leg and ankle may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Peroneus (Fibularis):

Located on the lateral side of the lower leg.

• Peroneus Longus: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, arch support.

• Peroneus Brevis: Foot eversion, plantar flexion, ankle stability.

• Peroneus Tertius: Foot eversion, dorsiflexion.

Trigger points are typically found:

• Peroneus Longus: Upper third of the muscle and along the lateral side of the lower leg.

• Peroneus Brevis: Middle or lower portion of the muscle, near the ankle bone.

• Peroneus Tertius: Lower portion of the muscle, near the front of the ankle.

Referred Pain:

Lateral ankle and foot pain, shin and calf pain, instability and weakness.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, ankle sprains, poor footwear, gait abnormalities, prolonged standing or walking, inadequate warm-up.

Possible Symptoms:

Lateral Ankle Pain: A sharp, aching, or burning pain along the outer side of the ankle and foot, often exacerbated by walking or standing.

Foot Pain: Pain radiating along the outer edge of the foot, sometimes extending into the toes.

Shin and Calf Discomfort: Referred pain that extends up the lower leg.

Ankle Instability: A sensation of weakness or instability in the ankle, particularly during lateral movements or when walking on uneven surfaces.

Tenderness: The lower leg and ankle may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Vastus Medialis:

• Located in the front of the thigh. situated on the inner part of the thigh.

• Plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee joint and facilitating leg movement, knee extension, patellar stabilization, support in eccentric movements.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, particularly near the mid-thigh region and just above the knee.

Referred Pain:

Knee pain, inner thigh pain, quadriceps pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, knee injuries, weakness or inactivity, gait abnormalities.

Possible Symptoms:

Knee Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain around the inner side of the knee, often exacerbated by activities that involve knee extension, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating along the inner thigh, sometimes extending toward the hip or groin.

Tenderness: The inner thigh and knee area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the knee, particularly during activities that involve knee bending or straightening.

Difficulty with Knee Extension: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Vastus Medialis:

• Located in the front of the thigh. situated on the inner part of the thigh.

• Plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee joint and facilitating leg movement, knee extension, patellar stabilization, support in eccentric movements.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, particularly near the mid-thigh region and just above the knee.

Referred Pain:

Knee pain, inner thigh pain, quadriceps pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, knee injuries, weakness or inactivity, gait abnormalities.

Possible Symptoms:

Knee Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain around the inner side of the knee, often exacerbated by activities that involve knee extension, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating along the inner thigh, sometimes extending toward the hip or groin.

Tenderness: The inner thigh and knee area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the knee, particularly during activities that involve knee bending or straightening.

Difficulty with Knee Extension: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Vastus Lateralis:

• Located on the outer part of the thigh.

• Plays a critical role in knee extension and lateral patellar stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, especially in the upper third near the hip, the middle of the thigh, and just above the knee.

Referred Pain:

Lateral thigh pain, knee pain, lower leg pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, tight iliotibial band (ITB), knee injuries, prolonged sitting or standing.

Possible Symptoms:

Lateral Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the outer side of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve knee extension, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Knee Pain: Pain around the outer side of the knee.

Lower Leg Pain: In some cases, referred pain may extend into the lower leg, particularly along the outer side.

Tenderness: The outer thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Knee Extension: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Vastus Lateralis:

• Located on the outer part of the thigh.

• Plays a critical role in knee extension and lateral patellar stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, especially in the upper third near the hip, the middle of the thigh, and just above the knee.

Referred Pain:

Lateral thigh pain, knee pain, lower leg pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, tight iliotibial band (ITB), knee injuries, prolonged sitting or standing.

Possible Symptoms:

Lateral Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the outer side of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve knee extension, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Knee Pain: Pain around the outer side of the knee.

Lower Leg Pain: In some cases, referred pain may extend into the lower leg, particularly along the outer side.

Tenderness: The outer thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Knee Extension: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Sartorius:

• Runs diagonally across the front of the thigh, from the hip to the inner knee.

• Plays a key role in various movements of the hip and knee: hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, knee flexion, medial rotation of the knee.

• Trigger points are typically found along the entire length of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Anterior thigh pain, hip and groin pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper movement patterns, postural imbalances, prolonged sitting, injury or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front and inner side of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion or knee flexion, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin, particularly during activities that involve external rotation or abduction of the hip, such as crossing the legs or turning the thigh outward.

Knee Pain: Pain along the inner side of the knee, sometimes extending into the shin.

Tenderness: The length of the sartorius muscle may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip and Knee Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when fully flexing the hip or knee, particularly during activities like climbing stairs, sitting cross-legged, or performing lunges.

Muscle

Sartorius:

• Runs diagonally across the front of the thigh, from the hip to the inner knee.

• Plays a key role in various movements of the hip and knee: hip flexion, hip abduction, hip external rotation, knee flexion, medial rotation of the knee.

• Trigger points are typically found along the entire length of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Anterior thigh pain, hip and groin pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper movement patterns, postural imbalances, prolonged sitting, injury or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front and inner side of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion or knee flexion, such as walking, running, or squatting.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin, particularly during activities that involve external rotation or abduction of the hip, such as crossing the legs or turning the thigh outward.

Knee Pain: Pain along the inner side of the knee, sometimes extending into the shin.

Tenderness: The length of the sartorius muscle may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip and Knee Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when fully flexing the hip or knee, particularly during activities like climbing stairs, sitting cross-legged, or performing lunges.

Muscle

Adductor (Longus):

• One of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.

• Primarily responsible for thigh adduction, hip flexion, medial rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found in the mid-belly of the muscle, which is located along the inner thigh.

Referred Pain:

Groin pain, inner thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, acute injury, poor stretching practices, postural imbalances, previous injuries.

Possible Symptoms:

Groin Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the groin, often exacerbated by activities that involve adduction of the thigh, such as crossing the legs, walking, or running.

Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating along the inner thigh, sometimes extending toward the knee.

Knee Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the knee.

Tenderness: The inner thigh and groin area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Thigh Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when adducting the thigh or performing movements that involve hip flexion, such as squatting or lifting the leg.

Muscle

Adductor (Longus):

• One of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.

• Primarily responsible for thigh adduction, hip flexion, medial rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found in the mid-belly of the muscle, which is located along the inner thigh.

Referred Pain:

Groin pain, inner thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, acute injury, poor stretching practices, postural imbalances, previous injuries.

Possible Symptoms:

Groin Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the groin, often exacerbated by activities that involve adduction of the thigh, such as crossing the legs, walking, or running.

Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating along the inner thigh, sometimes extending toward the knee.

Knee Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the knee.

Tenderness: The inner thigh and groin area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Thigh Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when adducting the thigh or performing movements that involve hip flexion, such as squatting or lifting the leg.

Muscle

Pectineus:

• Small, flat muscle located in the upper part of the inner thigh.

• Part of the hip adductor group and plays an important role in hip adduction hip flexion, and rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found near its origin at the pubic bone or along the upper thigh.

Referred Pain:

Groin pain, upper inner thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, sudden movements, poor posture and imbalance, inadequate warm-up, previous injuries.

Possible Symptoms:

Groin Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the groin area, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip adduction or flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Upper Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the inner thigh, often mistaken for adductor strain or other thigh muscle injuries.

Knee Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the knee, sometimes extending to the lower leg.

Tenderness: The upper inner thigh and groin area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when adducting the thigh, flexing the hip, or performing movements that involve lifting the leg, such as getting in and out of a car or climbing stairs.

Muscle

Pectineus:

• Small, flat muscle located in the upper part of the inner thigh.

• Part of the hip adductor group and plays an important role in hip adduction hip flexion, and rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found near its origin at the pubic bone or along the upper thigh.

Referred Pain:

Groin pain, upper inner thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, sudden movements, poor posture and imbalance, inadequate warm-up, previous injuries.

Possible Symptoms:

Groin Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the groin area, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip adduction or flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Upper Inner Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the inner thigh, often mistaken for adductor strain or other thigh muscle injuries.

Knee Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the knee, sometimes extending to the lower leg.

Tenderness: The upper inner thigh and groin area may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when adducting the thigh, flexing the hip, or performing movements that involve lifting the leg, such as getting in and out of a car or climbing stairs.

Muscle

Psoas (Major):

• Core muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the spine and extends through the pelvis to the femur.

• important muscle for hip flexion, trunk flexion, lumbar spine stabilization, lateral flexion.

• Trigger points are typically located along the length of the psoas, deep within the body, so they can be difficult to palpate directly.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, abdominal pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Abdominal Pain: A vague, deep pain in the lower abdomen.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back or hip.

Muscle

Psoas (Major):

• Core muscle located on the side of the lumbar region of the spine and extends through the pelvis to the femur.

• important muscle for hip flexion, trunk flexion, lumbar spine stabilization, lateral flexion.

• Trigger points are typically located along the length of the psoas, deep within the body, so they can be difficult to palpate directly.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, abdominal pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Abdominal Pain: A vague, deep pain in the lower abdomen.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back or hip.

Muscle

Rectus Femoris:

• Located in the front of the thigh.

• Plays a crucial role in both hip flexion, knee extension, and support in eccentric movements.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, particularly in the middle of the thigh and near the attachment points at the hip and knee.

Referred Pain:

Anterior thigh pain, knee pain, hip pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, tight hip flexors, prolonged sitting.

Possible Symptoms:

Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion or knee extension, such as walking, running, or kicking.

Knee Pain: Pain around the front of the knee.

Hip Pain: Discomfort in the hip, particularly during activities that involve lifting the thigh or bending the knee, such as climbing stairs or sprinting.

Tenderness: The front of the thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Knee Extension or Hip Flexion: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee or flexing the hip, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Rectus Femoris:

• Located in the front of the thigh.

• Plays a crucial role in both hip flexion, knee extension, and support in eccentric movements.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the muscle, particularly in the middle of the thigh and near the attachment points at the hip and knee.

Referred Pain:

Anterior thigh pain, knee pain, hip pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, muscle imbalance, improper exercise technique, tight hip flexors, prolonged sitting.

Possible Symptoms:

Thigh Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain along the front of the thigh, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion or knee extension, such as walking, running, or kicking.

Knee Pain: Pain around the front of the knee.

Hip Pain: Discomfort in the hip, particularly during activities that involve lifting the thigh or bending the knee, such as climbing stairs or sprinting.

Tenderness: The front of the thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Knee Extension or Hip Flexion: Discomfort or difficulty when fully extending the knee or flexing the hip, especially during weight-bearing activities like climbing stairs or getting up from a seated position.

Muscle

Iliacus:

• A flat, triangular muscle that sits within the inner surface of the pelvis.

• Works closely with the psoas major, crucial for hip flexion, trunk flexion, and stabilization.

• Trigger points in the iliacus muscle are usually located deep within the iliac fossa, along the inner surface of the pelvis.

Referred Pain:

Lower abdomen pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, lower back pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Abdominal Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower abdomen, often mistaken for gastrointestinal or pelvic issues.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back, hip, or abdomen.

Muscle

Iliacus:

• A flat, triangular muscle that sits within the inner surface of the pelvis.

• Works closely with the psoas major, crucial for hip flexion, trunk flexion, and stabilization.

• Trigger points in the iliacus muscle are usually located deep within the iliac fossa, along the inner surface of the pelvis.

Referred Pain:

Lower abdomen pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, lower back pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Abdominal Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower abdomen, often mistaken for gastrointestinal or pelvic issues.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back, hip, or abdomen.

Muscle

Hip Flexors:

• Group of muscles that are primarily responsible for flexing the hip.

• Primary hip flexor muscles include the iliacus, psoas major, rectus femoris, and sartorius.

• Trigger point is located at the junction of several muscles making up the hip flexor.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, abdominal pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Abdominal Pain: A vague, deep pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes mistaken for gastrointestinal or pelvic problems.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back, hip, or abdomen.

Muscle

Hip Flexors:

• Group of muscles that are primarily responsible for flexing the hip.

• Primary hip flexor muscles include the iliacus, psoas major, rectus femoris, and sartorius.

• Trigger point is located at the junction of several muscles making up the hip flexor.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, hip and groin pain, thigh pain, abdominal pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by standing, walking, or extending the leg.

Hip and Groin Pain: Discomfort in the hip or groin area, particularly during activities that involve hip flexion, such as walking, running, or climbing stairs.

Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the front of the thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Abdominal Pain: A vague, deep pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes mistaken for gastrointestinal or pelvic problems.

Difficulty Standing or Walking: Discomfort or difficulty when standing up straight or walking, often accompanied by a feeling of tightness or pulling in the lower back, hip, or abdomen.

Muscle

Tensor Fascia Latae:

• Small muscle located on the lateral side of the hip.

• Plays an essential role in hip flexion, hip abduction, hip internal rotation, Knee stabilization, and is connected to the iliotibial (IT) band.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper portion of the TFL, near its origin at the iliac crest of the pelvis.

Referred Pain:

Lateral hip pain, outer thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, tight IT band, poor movement patterns, weakness in supporting muscles, postural imbalances.

Possible Symptoms:

Hip Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain on the side of the hip, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion, abduction, or internal rotation, such as walking, running, or cycling.

Outer Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the outer thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Knee Pain: Discomfort on the outer side of the knee, often exacerbated by activities that involve bending the knee, such as running or cycling.

Tenderness: The side of the hip and outer thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when abducting the thigh, flexing the hip, or performing movements that involve internal rotation of the hip.

Muscle

Tensor Fascia Latae:

• Small muscle located on the lateral side of the hip.

• Plays an essential role in hip flexion, hip abduction, hip internal rotation, Knee stabilization, and is connected to the iliotibial (IT) band.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper portion of the TFL, near its origin at the iliac crest of the pelvis.

Referred Pain:

Lateral hip pain, outer thigh pain, knee pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, tight IT band, poor movement patterns, weakness in supporting muscles, postural imbalances.

Possible Symptoms:

Hip Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain on the side of the hip, often exacerbated by activities that involve hip flexion, abduction, or internal rotation, such as walking, running, or cycling.

Outer Thigh Pain: Pain radiating down the outer thigh, sometimes extending to the knee.

Knee Pain: Discomfort on the outer side of the knee, often exacerbated by activities that involve bending the knee, such as running or cycling.

Tenderness: The side of the hip and outer thigh may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Difficulty with Hip Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when abducting the thigh, flexing the hip, or performing movements that involve internal rotation of the hip.

Muscle

Psoas (Minor):

• Located in the lumbar region of the spine.

• Assists in spinal movement and stability, trunk flexion, lumbar spine stabilization, pelvic tilt.

• Trigger points in the psoas minor are typically found near the muscle's origin.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, lower abdominal pain, groin and pelvic pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by sitting, standing, or bending forward.

Lower Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen.

Groin and Pelvic Pain: Pain radiating into the groin or pelvic area, sometimes extending toward the hip.

Difficulty with Trunk Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when bending forward, sitting up from a lying position, or performing movements that involve flexing the trunk.

Muscle

Psoas (Minor):

• Located in the lumbar region of the spine.

• Assists in spinal movement and stability, trunk flexion, lumbar spine stabilization, pelvic tilt.

• Trigger points in the psoas minor are typically found near the muscle's origin.

Referred Pain:

Lower back pain, lower abdominal pain, groin and pelvic pain.

Possible Causes:

Prolonged sitting, overuse and repetitive strain, emotional stress, poor posture, sudden movements or trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Lower Back Pain: A deep, aching pain in the lower back, often exacerbated by sitting, standing, or bending forward.

Lower Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen.

Groin and Pelvic Pain: Pain radiating into the groin or pelvic area, sometimes extending toward the hip.

Difficulty with Trunk Movements: Discomfort or difficulty when bending forward, sitting up from a lying position, or performing movements that involve flexing the trunk.

Muscle

Flexor Carpi Radialis:

• Located on the anterior (palm side) of the forearm.

• Play a crucial role in the wrist flexion, wrist abduction (bend towards thumb).

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, along the inner (medial) side of the forearm.

Referred Pain:

Wrist pain, forearm pain, hand pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor ergonomics, improper lifting techniques, vibration exposure, direct trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Wrist Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the wrist, often exacerbated by activities that involve wrist flexion or extension, such as typing, lifting, or gripping objects.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the forearm, particularly during activities that involve repetitive wrist movements or gripping.

Hand Pain: Pain in the hand, particularly in the palm and fingers, sometimes extending to the thumb or pinky side, depending on which muscle is affected.

Tenderness: The inner forearm and wrist may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the wrist and hand, particularly during activities that involve gripping or lifting objects.

Muscle

Flexor Carpi Radialis:

• Located on the anterior (palm side) of the forearm.

• Play a crucial role in the wrist flexion, wrist abduction (bend towards thumb).

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, along the inner (medial) side of the forearm.

Referred Pain:

Wrist pain, forearm pain, hand pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor ergonomics, improper lifting techniques, vibration exposure, direct trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Wrist Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the wrist, often exacerbated by activities that involve wrist flexion or extension, such as typing, lifting, or gripping objects.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the forearm, particularly during activities that involve repetitive wrist movements or gripping.

Hand Pain: Pain in the hand, particularly in the palm and fingers, sometimes extending to the thumb or pinky side, depending on which muscle is affected.

Tenderness: The inner forearm and wrist may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the wrist and hand, particularly during activities that involve gripping or lifting objects.

Muscle

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:

• Located on the anterior (palm side) of the forearm.

• Play a crucial role in the wrist flexion, wrist adduction (bend towards pinky).

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, along the inner (medial) side of the forearm.

Referred Pain:

Wrist pain, forearm pain, hand pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor ergonomics, improper lifting techniques, vibration exposure, direct trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Wrist Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the wrist, often exacerbated by activities that involve wrist flexion or extension, such as typing, lifting, or gripping objects.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the forearm, particularly during activities that involve repetitive wrist movements or gripping.

Hand Pain: Pain in the hand, particularly in the palm and fingers, sometimes extending to the thumb or pinky side, depending on which muscle is affected.

Tenderness: The inner forearm and wrist may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the wrist and hand, particularly during activities that involve gripping or lifting objects.

Muscle

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:

• Located on the anterior (palm side) of the forearm.

• Play a crucial role in the wrist flexion, wrist adduction (bend towards pinky).

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, along the inner (medial) side of the forearm.

Referred Pain:

Wrist pain, forearm pain, hand pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor ergonomics, improper lifting techniques, vibration exposure, direct trauma.

Possible Symptoms:

Wrist Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the wrist, often exacerbated by activities that involve wrist flexion or extension, such as typing, lifting, or gripping objects.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the forearm, particularly during activities that involve repetitive wrist movements or gripping.

Hand Pain: Pain in the hand, particularly in the palm and fingers, sometimes extending to the thumb or pinky side, depending on which muscle is affected.

Tenderness: The inner forearm and wrist may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the wrist and hand, particularly during activities that involve gripping or lifting objects.

Muscle

Abdominal Obliques:

• They are located on the sides of the abdomen, running diagonally from the lower ribs to the pelvis.

• Obliques play a crucial role in trunk rotation, trunk flexion, lateral flexion, compression of the abdomen (posture).

• External Obliques: Trigger points are often found along the lower ribcage, the sides of the abdomen, and near the iliac crest (top of the hip bone).

• Internal Obliques: Trigger points are typically located deeper within the muscle, often near the lower ribcage and pelvic area.

Referred Pain:

Lower abdomen and groin, hip and pelvic pain, chest and rib pain, lower back pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, heavy lifting, injury or trauma, core weakness, prolonged coughing.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Abdominal Pain: A dull, aching, or sharp pain in the abdomen, often exacerbated by twisting or bending movements.

Referred Pain: Pain radiating from the abdomen to the chest, lower back, hip, or groin.

Abdominal Tenderness: The abdomen may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Restricted Movement: Difficulty or discomfort when twisting, bending, or rotating the torso.

Breathing Discomfort: Pain that increases with deep breathing or coughing, leading to shallow breathing and discomfort.

Muscle

Abdominal Obliques:

• They are located on the sides of the abdomen, running diagonally from the lower ribs to the pelvis.

• Obliques play a crucial role in trunk rotation, trunk flexion, lateral flexion, compression of the abdomen (posture).

• External Obliques: Trigger points are often found along the lower ribcage, the sides of the abdomen, and near the iliac crest (top of the hip bone).

• Internal Obliques: Trigger points are typically located deeper within the muscle, often near the lower ribcage and pelvic area.

Referred Pain:

Lower abdomen and groin, hip and pelvic pain, chest and rib pain, lower back pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, heavy lifting, injury or trauma, core weakness, prolonged coughing.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Abdominal Pain: A dull, aching, or sharp pain in the abdomen, often exacerbated by twisting or bending movements.

Referred Pain: Pain radiating from the abdomen to the chest, lower back, hip, or groin.

Abdominal Tenderness: The abdomen may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Restricted Movement: Difficulty or discomfort when twisting, bending, or rotating the torso.

Breathing Discomfort: Pain that increases with deep breathing or coughing, leading to shallow breathing and discomfort.

Muscle

Biceps Brachii (Short Head):

• Originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and runs down the inner side of the upper arm.

• Plays a crucial role in elbow flexion, forearm supination, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found in the belly of the muscle, or the lower portion near the elbow.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, upper arm pain, elbow pain, forearm pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper lifting techniques, poor posture, injury or trauma, muscle imbalance.

Possible Symptoms:

Shoulder Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the front of the shoulder, often exacerbated by activities that involve shoulder flexion, such as reaching or pushing.

Upper Arm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the upper arm, particularly during activities that involve elbow flexion, such as lifting, pulling, or carrying objects.

Elbow Pain: Pain around the front of the elbow.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort in the forearm, particularly along the inner side.

Tenderness: The inner part of the upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the arm, particularly during activities that involve lifting or carrying objects.

Muscle

Biceps Brachii (Short Head):

• Originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and runs down the inner side of the upper arm.

• Plays a crucial role in elbow flexion, forearm supination, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found in the belly of the muscle, or the lower portion near the elbow.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, upper arm pain, elbow pain, forearm pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper lifting techniques, poor posture, injury or trauma, muscle imbalance.

Possible Symptoms:

Shoulder Pain: A sharp, aching, or throbbing pain in the front of the shoulder, often exacerbated by activities that involve shoulder flexion, such as reaching or pushing.

Upper Arm Pain: Discomfort along the inner side of the upper arm, particularly during activities that involve elbow flexion, such as lifting, pulling, or carrying objects.

Elbow Pain: Pain around the front of the elbow.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort in the forearm, particularly along the inner side.

Tenderness: The inner part of the upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the arm, particularly during activities that involve lifting or carrying objects.

Muscle

Biceps Brachii (Long Head):

• Originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and runs through the shoulder joint, down the upper arm, and merges with the short head

• Plays a crucial role in elbow flexion, forearm supination, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found in the belly of the muscle, or the upper portion near the shoulder joint.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, upper arm pain, elbow pain, forearm pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper lifting techniques, poor posture, injury or trauma, muscle imbalance.

Possible Symptoms:

Shoulder Pain: A deep, aching, or sharp pain in the front of the shoulder, often exacerbated by activities that involve shoulder flexion or overhead movements, such as reaching or throwing.

Upper Arm Pain: Discomfort along the outer side of the upper arm, particularly during activities that involve elbow flexion, such as lifting, pulling, or carrying objects.

Elbow Pain: Pain around the front of the elbow, sometimes extending down the forearm.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort in the forearm, particularly along the outer side.

Tenderness: The outer part of the upper arm or the shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the arm, particularly during activities that involve lifting or carrying objects, or during overhead movements.

Muscle

Biceps Brachii (Long Head):

• Originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and runs through the shoulder joint, down the upper arm, and merges with the short head

• Plays a crucial role in elbow flexion, forearm supination, shoulder flexion, shoulder stabilization.

• Trigger points are typically found in the belly of the muscle, or the upper portion near the shoulder joint.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, upper arm pain, elbow pain, forearm pain.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, improper lifting techniques, poor posture, injury or trauma, muscle imbalance.

Possible Symptoms:

Shoulder Pain: A deep, aching, or sharp pain in the front of the shoulder, often exacerbated by activities that involve shoulder flexion or overhead movements, such as reaching or throwing.

Upper Arm Pain: Discomfort along the outer side of the upper arm, particularly during activities that involve elbow flexion, such as lifting, pulling, or carrying objects.

Elbow Pain: Pain around the front of the elbow, sometimes extending down the forearm.

Forearm Pain: Discomfort in the forearm, particularly along the outer side.

Tenderness: The outer part of the upper arm or the shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness or instability in the arm, particularly during activities that involve lifting or carrying objects, or during overhead movements.

Muscle

Serratus Anterior:

• Fan-shaped muscle located on the side of the chest, stretching from the upper ribs to the scapula (shoulder blade).

• Essential for movement and stability of the scapula: scapular protraction, scapular upward rotation, scapular stabilization.

• Trigger points are often found along the muscle's attachments on the ribs and scapula.

Referred Pain:

Side of the chest, upper back pain, arm and hand pain, difficulty breathing.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, injury or trauma, respiratory issues.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Pain: A sharp, stabbing, or aching pain along the side of the chest, near the ribs, or under the shoulder blade.

Referred Pain: Pain radiating from the side of the chest to the upper back, shoulder, arm, or hand.

Breathing Difficulties: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable or difficult.

Scapular Winging: Weakness or dysfunction in the serratus anterior can cause the scapula to protrude outward, known as scapular winging, which can lead to further shoulder instability and pain.

Arm Weakness or Numbness: Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arm or hand, particularly on the inner side.

Muscle

Serratus Anterior:

• Fan-shaped muscle located on the side of the chest, stretching from the upper ribs to the scapula (shoulder blade).

• Essential for movement and stability of the scapula: scapular protraction, scapular upward rotation, scapular stabilization.

• Trigger points are often found along the muscle's attachments on the ribs and scapula.

Referred Pain:

Side of the chest, upper back pain, arm and hand pain, difficulty breathing.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, injury or trauma, respiratory issues.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Pain: A sharp, stabbing, or aching pain along the side of the chest, near the ribs, or under the shoulder blade.

Referred Pain: Pain radiating from the side of the chest to the upper back, shoulder, arm, or hand.

Breathing Difficulties: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable or difficult.

Scapular Winging: Weakness or dysfunction in the serratus anterior can cause the scapula to protrude outward, known as scapular winging, which can lead to further shoulder instability and pain.

Arm Weakness or Numbness: Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the arm or hand, particularly on the inner side.

Muscles

Intercostals:

• Intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs.

• Assist in the mechanics of breathing by helping to expand and contract the ribcage.

• Trigger points are typically found along the intercostal spaces (the areas between the ribs).

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, upper back pain, side pain, breathing pain.

Possible Causes:

Overexertion, prolonged coughing, poor posture, injury or trauma, repetitive strain, respiratory conditions.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest and Rib Pain: A sharp, stabbing pain in the chest or ribs.

Breathing Difficulties: Pain that worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or sneezing, leading to shallow breathing and discomfort.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blades.

Side Pain: Discomfort along the sides of the torso, sometimes extending into the abdomen or lower back.

Tenderness: The areas between the ribs may be tender to the touch, particularly over the trigger points.

Muscles

Intercostals:

• Intercostal muscles are a group of muscles located between the ribs.

• Assist in the mechanics of breathing by helping to expand and contract the ribcage.

• Trigger points are typically found along the intercostal spaces (the areas between the ribs).

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, upper back pain, side pain, breathing pain.

Possible Causes:

Overexertion, prolonged coughing, poor posture, injury or trauma, repetitive strain, respiratory conditions.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest and Rib Pain: A sharp, stabbing pain in the chest or ribs.

Breathing Difficulties: Pain that worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or sneezing, leading to shallow breathing and discomfort.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blades.

Side Pain: Discomfort along the sides of the torso, sometimes extending into the abdomen or lower back.

Tenderness: The areas between the ribs may be tender to the touch, particularly over the trigger points.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscles

Pectoralis Minor:

• Located under the pectoralis major in the upper chest.

• Scapular stabilization, scapular protraction and depression, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper chest, near the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, injury or trauma, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain that radiates from the front of the shoulder down the arm, sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain that is felt around the scapula, leading to discomfort.

Difficulty with Deep Breathing: A feeling of restriction or tightness in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable.

Muscles

Pectoralis Minor:

• Located under the pectoralis major in the upper chest.

• Scapular stabilization, scapular protraction and depression, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper chest, near the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, injury or trauma, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain that radiates from the front of the shoulder down the arm, sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain that is felt around the scapula, leading to discomfort.

Difficulty with Deep Breathing: A feeling of restriction or tightness in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable.

Muscles

Deltoid (Anterior):

• Located at the front of shoulder.

• Responsible for shoulder flexion (raising the arm forward) and medial rotation of the arm.

• Trigger points are usually located in the front portion of the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Typically felt in the front of the shoulder and may extend down the front of the arm to the elbow.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, injury or trauma, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, improper exercise technique, prolonged shoulder use.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Shoulder Pain: A dull, aching pain in the shoulder, often exacerbated by shoulder movements such as lifting the arm or reaching overhead.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the arm.

Stiffness and Reduced Mobility: Difficulty moving the shoulder through its full range of motion, particularly during activities that involve lifting or rotating the arm.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness in the shoulder, particularly when trying to lift objects or perform overhead activities.

Tenderness: The shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressure is applied to the trigger points.

Muscles

Deltoid (Anterior):

• Located at the front of shoulder.

• Responsible for shoulder flexion (raising the arm forward) and medial rotation of the arm.

• Trigger points are usually located in the front portion of the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Typically felt in the front of the shoulder and may extend down the front of the arm to the elbow.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, injury or trauma, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, improper exercise technique, prolonged shoulder use.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Shoulder Pain: A dull, aching pain in the shoulder, often exacerbated by shoulder movements such as lifting the arm or reaching overhead.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the arm.

Stiffness and Reduced Mobility: Difficulty moving the shoulder through its full range of motion, particularly during activities that involve lifting or rotating the arm.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness in the shoulder, particularly when trying to lift objects or perform overhead activities.

Tenderness: The shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressure is applied to the trigger points.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscle

Pectoralis Major:

• Large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the upper chest.

• Primary muscles involved in Shoulder flexion, shoulder adduction, shoulder internal rotation, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the muscle belly, particularly in the upper and lower portions of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain, breast pain (women).

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, poor posture, injury or trauma, weakness in supporting muscles, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Chest Pain: A deep, aching pain in the chest, often exacerbated by activities that involve arm movement or deep breathing.

Referred Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain radiating from the chest to the shoulder, upper arm, and sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain to the upper back, particularly around the shoulder blade.

Breast Pain: In some cases, women may experience pain that radiates into the breast tissue.

Tenderness: The chest, shoulder, and upper arm may feel tender to the touch, especially over the areas where trigger points are located.

Muscles

Pectoralis Minor:

• Located under the pectoralis major in the upper chest.

• Scapular stabilization, scapular protraction and depression, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper chest, near the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, injury or trauma, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain that radiates from the front of the shoulder down the arm, sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain that is felt around the scapula, leading to discomfort.

Difficulty with Deep Breathing: A feeling of restriction or tightness in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable.

Muscles

Pectoralis Minor:

• Located under the pectoralis major in the upper chest.

• Scapular stabilization, scapular protraction and depression, assistance in breathing.

• Trigger points are typically found in the upper chest, near the shoulder.

Referred Pain:

Chest pain, shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, upper back pain.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, injury or trauma, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the chest.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Pain that radiates from the front of the shoulder down the arm, sometimes into the hand.

Upper Back Pain: Referred pain that is felt around the scapula, leading to discomfort.

Difficulty with Deep Breathing: A feeling of restriction or tightness in the chest that can make deep breathing uncomfortable.

Muscles

Subclavius:

• Located beneath the clavicle (collarbone).

• Aids in clavicle stabilization, depression of the clavicle, and protection of neurovascular structures.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the subclavius muscle.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, chest pain, restricted arm movement.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, carrying heavy loads, trauma or injury, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Pain: A deep, aching pain under the clavicle, which can extend to the shoulder and chest.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the inner arm, sometimes into the forearm and hand.

Shoulder Dysfunction: Difficulty raising the arm overhead or performing movements that involve lifting or reaching across the body.

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the upper chest, near the clavicle.

Numbness or Tingling: Sensations of numbness or tingling in the arm or hand, particularly affecting the thumb and first two fingers.

Muscles

Subclavius:

• Located beneath the clavicle (collarbone).

• Aids in clavicle stabilization, depression of the clavicle, and protection of neurovascular structures.

• Trigger points are typically found along the length of the subclavius muscle.

Referred Pain:

Shoulder pain, arm and hand pain, chest pain, restricted arm movement.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive strain, carrying heavy loads, trauma or injury, breathing patterns.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Pain: A deep, aching pain under the clavicle, which can extend to the shoulder and chest.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the inner arm, sometimes into the forearm and hand.

Shoulder Dysfunction: Difficulty raising the arm overhead or performing movements that involve lifting or reaching across the body.

Chest Tightness: A sensation of tightness or discomfort in the upper chest, near the clavicle.

Numbness or Tingling: Sensations of numbness or tingling in the arm or hand, particularly affecting the thumb and first two fingers.

Muscles

Deltoid (Lateral):

• Located in the middle of shoulder.

• Primarily responsible for shoulder abduction (lifting the arm sideways away from the body).

• Trigger points are often found along the side of the shoulder, near the center of the deltoid muscle.

Referred Pain:

Pain is usually felt on the side of the shoulder and can radiate down the outer arm to the elbow.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, injury or trauma, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, improper exercise technique, prolonged shoulder use.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Shoulder Pain: A dull, aching pain in the shoulder, often exacerbated by shoulder movements such as lifting the arm or reaching overhead.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the arm.

Stiffness and Reduced Mobility: Difficulty moving the shoulder through its full range of motion, particularly during activities that involve lifting or rotating the arm.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness in the shoulder, particularly when trying to lift objects or perform overhead activities.

Tenderness: The shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressure is applied to the trigger points.

Muscles

Deltoid (Lateral):

• Located in the middle of shoulder.

• Primarily responsible for shoulder abduction (lifting the arm sideways away from the body).

• Trigger points are often found along the side of the shoulder, near the center of the deltoid muscle.

Referred Pain:

Pain is usually felt on the side of the shoulder and can radiate down the outer arm to the elbow.

Possible Causes:

Overuse and repetitive strain, injury or trauma, poor posture, weakness in supporting muscles, improper exercise technique, prolonged shoulder use.

Possible Symptoms:

Localized Shoulder Pain: A dull, aching pain in the shoulder, often exacerbated by shoulder movements such as lifting the arm or reaching overhead.

Referred Arm Pain: Pain radiating down the arm.

Stiffness and Reduced Mobility: Difficulty moving the shoulder through its full range of motion, particularly during activities that involve lifting or rotating the arm.

Weakness: A feeling of weakness in the shoulder, particularly when trying to lift objects or perform overhead activities.

Tenderness: The shoulder may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressure is applied to the trigger points.

Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle (Clavicular Head):

• Runs from the clavicle to the mastoid process behind the ear.

• Responsible for rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

• Trigger points are typically found along the middle to upper part of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Forehead, eye and orbit, cheek and jaw, ear, throat, sternal and clavicular region.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, respiratory issues, whiplash or trauma, prolonged or repetitive movements, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Referred pain from trigger points in the clavicular head often causes tension headaches or a sensation of pressure in the forehead, temples, or around the eyes.

Facial Pain: Pain may radiate to the jaw, teeth, or around the ear.

Ear Symptoms: Ear pain, fullness, or ringing can occur.

Throat Discomfort: A sensation of tightness, soreness, or a lump in the throat, leading to difficulty swallowing or a feeling of restricted airflow, is common with clavicular head trigger points.

Neck Pain and Stiffness: Localized pain or stiffness in the neck, particularly along the course of the SCM muscle, can limit neck movement and cause discomfort.

Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain near the upper sternum or chest area.

Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle (Clavicular Head):

• Runs from the clavicle to the mastoid process behind the ear.

• Responsible for rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

• Trigger points are typically found along the middle to upper part of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Forehead, eye and orbit, cheek and jaw, ear, throat, sternal and clavicular region.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, respiratory issues, whiplash or trauma, prolonged or repetitive movements, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Referred pain from trigger points in the clavicular head often causes tension headaches or a sensation of pressure in the forehead, temples, or around the eyes.

Facial Pain: Pain may radiate to the jaw, teeth, or around the ear.

Ear Symptoms: Ear pain, fullness, or ringing can occur.

Throat Discomfort: A sensation of tightness, soreness, or a lump in the throat, leading to difficulty swallowing or a feeling of restricted airflow, is common with clavicular head trigger points.

Neck Pain and Stiffness: Localized pain or stiffness in the neck, particularly along the course of the SCM muscle, can limit neck movement and cause discomfort.

Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain near the upper sternum or chest area.

Muscles

Trapezius (Upper):

• Located toward the front of the neck and shoulder area.

• Responsible for neck and head movement, shoulder elevation, and scapular stability.

• Trigger points are typically found near the top of the shoulder, midway between the neck and shoulder joint.

Referred Pain:

Headaches, neck and shoulder pain, jaw pain, pain behind the eye.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, repetitive strain, trauma or Injury, sleeping position.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Tension headaches that originate from the neck and shoulders and radiate to the temples or back of the head.

Neck Stiffness: A feeling of tightness or stiffness in the neck, especially when turning or tilting the head.

Shoulder Pain: Pain in the top of the shoulder, often accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or aching.

Reduced Range of Motion: Difficulty moving the neck or shoulders freely due to pain or tightness.

Jaw or Eye Pain: Referred pain to the jaw or behind the eye, leading to discomfort that can be mistaken for other conditions.

Muscles

Trapezius (Upper):

• Located toward the front of the neck and shoulder area.

• Responsible for neck and head movement, shoulder elevation, and scapular stability.

• Trigger points are typically found near the top of the shoulder, midway between the neck and shoulder joint.

Referred Pain:

Headaches, neck and shoulder pain, jaw pain, pain behind the eye.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, repetitive strain, trauma or Injury, sleeping position.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Tension headaches that originate from the neck and shoulders and radiate to the temples or back of the head.

Neck Stiffness: A feeling of tightness or stiffness in the neck, especially when turning or tilting the head.

Shoulder Pain: Pain in the top of the shoulder, often accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or aching.

Reduced Range of Motion: Difficulty moving the neck or shoulders freely due to pain or tightness.

Jaw or Eye Pain: Referred pain to the jaw or behind the eye, leading to discomfort that can be mistaken for other conditions.

Muscles

Scalene Muscles (Anterior, Middle, Posterior):

• Runs from the cervical vertebrae to the 1st/2nd rib.

• Responsible for elevation of 1st/2nd rib, neck flexion and rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found along the side of the neck.

Referred Pain:

Neck and shoulder pain, chest pain, upper back pain, arm and hand pain, tingling or numbness.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive movements, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, trauma or injury, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Neck Stiffness: A feeling of tightness or stiffness in the neck, especially when turning the head or tilting it to the side.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Referred pain that radiates from the neck to the shoulder, down the arm, and into the hand.

Tingling or Numbness: Sensations of tingling, numbness, or weakness in the arm or hand, particularly in the thumb and first two fingers.

Breathing Difficulty: A sensation of tightness in the chest or difficulty taking a deep breath.

Headaches: Pain from the scalenes can sometimes refer to the base of the skull, leading to tension-type headaches.

Muscles

Scalene Muscles (Anterior, Middle, Posterior):

• Runs from the cervical vertebrae to the 1st/2nd rib.

• Responsible for elevation of 1st/2nd rib, neck flexion and rotation.

• Trigger points are typically found along the side of the neck.

Referred Pain:

Neck and shoulder pain, chest pain, upper back pain, arm and hand pain, tingling or numbness.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, repetitive movements, breathing patterns, stress and anxiety, trauma or injury, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Neck Stiffness: A feeling of tightness or stiffness in the neck, especially when turning the head or tilting it to the side.

Shoulder and Arm Pain: Referred pain that radiates from the neck to the shoulder, down the arm, and into the hand.

Tingling or Numbness: Sensations of tingling, numbness, or weakness in the arm or hand, particularly in the thumb and first two fingers.

Breathing Difficulty: A sensation of tightness in the chest or difficulty taking a deep breath.

Headaches: Pain from the scalenes can sometimes refer to the base of the skull, leading to tension-type headaches.

Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle (Sternal Head):

• Runs from the sternum to the mastoid process behind the ear.

• Responsible for rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

• Trigger points are typically found along the middle to lower part of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Forehead, eye and orbit, cheek and jaw, ear, throat, sternal and clavicular region.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, respiratory issues, whiplash or trauma, prolonged or repetitive movements, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Tension headaches, often felt in the forehead or around the eyes.

Facial Pain: Pain may be felt in the cheek, jaw, or around the eyes.

Ear Symptoms: Referred pain can cause earaches, fullness, or ringing in the ears.

Throat Discomfort: A sensation of tightness, soreness, or a lump in the throat.

Neck Pain and Stiffness: Localized pain or stiffness in the neck, particularly along the course of the SCM muscle, can limit neck movement and cause discomfort.

Sternal or Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain near the sternum or clavicle.

Muscles

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) Muscle (Sternal Head):

• Runs from the sternum to the mastoid process behind the ear.

• Responsible for rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck.

• Trigger points are typically found along the middle to lower part of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

Forehead, eye and orbit, cheek and jaw, ear, throat, sternal and clavicular region.

Possible Causes:

Poor posture, stress and anxiety, respiratory issues, whiplash or trauma, prolonged or repetitive movements, carrying heavy loads.

Possible Symptoms:

Headaches: Tension headaches, often felt in the forehead or around the eyes.

Facial Pain: Pain may be felt in the cheek, jaw, or around the eyes.

Ear Symptoms: Referred pain can cause earaches, fullness, or ringing in the ears.

Throat Discomfort: A sensation of tightness, soreness, or a lump in the throat.

Neck Pain and Stiffness: Localized pain or stiffness in the neck, particularly along the course of the SCM muscle, can limit neck movement and cause discomfort.

Sternal or Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain near the sternum or clavicle.

Muscles

Masseter:

• Located on the side of the face (cheekbone down to the angle of the jaw).

• Responsible for elevating the jaw (closing the mouth).

• Trigger points in the masseter are typically found in the middle of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

TMJ, upper jaw, lower jaw, teeth, ears, temples, sinuses.

Possible Causes:

Bruxism (teeth grinding), stress and anxiety, poor posture, chewing on one side, trauma or injury, overuse.

Possible Symptoms:

Jaw Pain: Localized pain in the jaw, especially around the cheek area, that can radiate to the ear or temple.

Tooth Pain: A sensation of aching in the teeth.

Tension Headaches: Headaches originating from the temples or sides of the head, often described as a tight band of pain.

Earache: Pain that radiates to the ear, sometimes accompanied by a feeling of fullness or ringing in the ears.

Difficulty Chewing: Pain or tightness when opening the mouth wide, such as when chewing, talking, or yawning.

Facial Tenderness: The side of the face may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressing on the masseter muscle.

Muscles

Masseter:

• Located on the side of the face (cheekbone down to the angle of the jaw).

• Responsible for elevating the jaw (closing the mouth).

• Trigger points in the masseter are typically found in the middle of the muscle.

Referred Pain:

TMJ, upper jaw, lower jaw, teeth, ears, temples, sinuses.

Possible Causes:

Bruxism (Teeth Grinding), Stress and Anxiety, Poor Posture, Chewing on One Side, Trauma or Injury, Overuse.

Possible Symptoms:

Jaw Pain: Localized pain in the jaw, especially around the cheek area, that can radiate to the ear or temple.

Tooth Pain: A sensation of aching in the teeth.

Tension Headaches: Headaches originating from the temples or sides of the head, often described as a tight band of pain.

Earache: Pain that radiates to the ear, sometimes accompanied by a feeling of fullness or ringing in the ears.

Difficulty Chewing: Pain or tightness when opening the mouth wide, such as when chewing, talking, or yawning.

Facial Tenderness: The side of the face may feel tender to the touch, especially when pressing on the masseter muscle.